Five Kingdom Classification

Five Kingdom Classification : Five Kingdom Classification was proposed in 1969, by Robert Harding Whittaker (R. H. Whittakar) {December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980}.
He was a distinguished American plant ecologist.

The "criteria" used by R. H. Whittakar in the classification of organism into five kingdoms are :
-- its complexity of cell structure
-- complexity of body of organism
-- mode of nutrition
-- life style and
-- phylogenetic relationship.

The Five Kingdoms of organism are :

1. Monera Kingdom Classification : Monera kingdom includes all prokaryotic organism like bacteria, cynobacteria and archiobactera. Filamentous bacteria also come under this kingdom. All organism of this kingdom are microscopic.
Monera Kingdom Examples : Bacteria, Cyanobacteria etc.

2. Protista Kingdom Classification : Protista kingdom includes unicellular from usually found in aquatic habitats. On the basis of mode of nutrition they are autotrophic, parasitic, and saprophytic. Diatoms flagellates and protozoa come under this kingdom. Egulena have both heterotrophic and autotrophic mode of nutrition. So, it is placed between plant and animal.
Protista Kingdom Examples : Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium etc.

3. Fungi Kingdom Classification : Fungi kingdom includes non-green plants. It has saprophytic nutrition and growing on dead and decaying organic matter. The cell wall is composed of chitin.
Fungi Kingdom Example : Yeasts, Molds, Mushroom etc.

4. Planatae Kingdom Classification : Planatae kingdom includes all plants except some fungi, diatoms, algae and member of monera and Protista.
Planatae Kingdom Examples : Oak, Cactus etc.

5. Animalia Kingdom Classification : Mostly all remaining animal comes under this kingdom except protozoan.
Animalia Kingdom Examples : Horse, Tiger, Kangaroo etc.

Five Kingdom Classification by R.H. Whittaker

Flotation

Buoyant Force : When a body immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, a force acts a on the body by the liquid in the upward direction. This force is called Buoyant force or force of buoyancy or upthrust. It is equal to the weight of liquid displayed by the body and acts at the centre of gravity of displayed liquid. Its study was first made by Archimedes.

Archimedes Principle : When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, there is an apparent loss in the weight of the body which is equal to the weight of liquid displayed by the body.

Law of Floatation :

A body float in a liquid if
(i) density of material of body is less than or equal to the density of liquid.

(ii) if density of material of body is equal to density of liquid, the body floats fully submerged in liquid in neutral equilibrium.

(iii) when body floats in neutral equilibrium, the weight of the body is equal to the weight of displayed liquid.

(iv) the centre of gravity of the body and the centre of gravity of the displayed liquid should be in one vertical line.

Centre of gravity of the liquid displayed by a body is called centre of buoyancy.

Meta Centre : When a floating body is slightly tilted from equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy shifts. The point at which the vertical line line passing through the new position of centre of buoyancy meets with the initial line is called meta centre.

Comets

The name 'Comet' derived from the Latin words "stella cometa" which means "hairy star". Comets are also called 'visitors of the Solar System'. Comets are among the most spectacular and unpredictable bodies in the Solar System.

Comets moved around the Sun in regular orbits, but their orbits are elongated ellipses that it takes them hundreds and, sometimes even thousands of years to complete one revolution around the Sun.

Comet

Comets are made up of frozen gases which hold together rocky and metallic material. A comet becomes visible only when it travels close to the Sun. Its ice melts and the gas and dust is swept back into a tail. The tail always points away from the Sun. So when it is travelling away from the Sun it is led by its tail.

Features of a Comet :
»» A comet is characterised by a long luminous tail, which emits light. But this is visible only when the comet's orbit passes close to the sun.

»» When the comet travels close to the Sun, the ice melts to a head of gas called a Coma.

»» The Sun's radiation sweeps this into a gas tail.

»» Dust particles are also swept back to form a dust tail.

Mahakavyas (Epics)

There are mainly two Mahakavyas (Epics) :

(i) The Ramayana (Valmiki) : It is known as 'Adi Kavya' (the oldest epic of the world). At present, it consists of 24,000 shlokas i.e. verses (originally 6,000, later -12,000, Finally - 24,000) in 7 Khandas i.e. sections. 1st and 7th Khandas were the latest additions to the Ramayana.

(ii) The Mahabharata (Ved Vyas) : The longest epic of the world. At present, it consists of 100,000 shlokas i.e. verses (originally - 8,800- Jay Samhita, later -24,000 - Chaturvinshati Sahastri Samhita / Bahrata, finally -100,000- Shatasahastri Samhita / Maha Bharata) in 18 Parvans i.e. chapters, plus the Harivamsa supplement. Bhagavad Gita is extracted from Bhishma Parvan of Mahabharata. Shanti Parvan is the largest parvan (chapter) of the Mahabharata.

The Purana : The Purana means 'the old'. There are 18 famous 'Puranas'. The Matsya Purana is the oldest Purnic text. The other important Puranas are the Bhagavata, The Vishnu, The Vayu and The Brahamnda. They describe genealogies of various royal dynasties.

The Upavedas (the auxiliary vedas) were traditionally associated with vedas :
Upavedas : Associated with
(1) Ayurveda (Medicine) : Rig Veda
(2) Gandharveda (Music) : Sama Veda
(3) Dhanurveda (Archery) : Yajur Veda
(4) Shilpveda (craft) : Atharva Veda